Born Too Short Free Essays

Multi year-old, five-foot one Matt Greene has one issue. He additionally has numerous abilities that go unnoticed. He is savvy and can play the guitar. We will compose a custom article test on Brought into the world Too Short or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now In any case, he doesn't get the regard because of him on account of his tallness. He doesn't play sports, and has gotten dismissed by young ladies he needs to date. They don't need a beau who is the size of a diminutive person. In contrast to Matt, his closest companion, Keith, was the coolest most well known person. He is everything that Matt isn't. He stands a transcending six feet three inches tall and is commander of the b-ball group. He doesn't have any issues getting dates with the young ladies. Matt tries to resemble him, yet he simply doesn't have a similar impact as Keith. Matt turned out to be exceptionally irate one day and admitted his envy of Keith to himself. He wanted that awful things would happen to Keith. He needed Keith’s sweetheart to dump him. He needed him to be awful at sports. He additionally needed Shania Twain, who was going to star in Keith’s father’s film, to resemble a pony. Abruptly the following day, the entirety of his desires began working out as expected. Keith’s sweetheart undermined him. Keith missed the last point in the title game, subsequently making his group lose. Shania Twain had an auto collision, and needed to have plastic medical procedure all over, and in the paper, she resembled a pony. Favorable luck fell upon Matt. He has a grant to Paris for music and got himself a sweetheart, named Jose. Subsequent to acknowledging what happened to Keith, Matt feels remorseful. He feels that his mystery envy has demolished his best friend’s life. He needed to make everything return to ordinary. He needed to converse with Keith to determine the contention. After a genuine discussion with Keith, Matt discovers that he shouldn't resemble his companion. He understands that each individual is extraordinary and that is the thing that makes individuals remarkable. He acknowledges the companionships that he imparts to Keith and Jose. Presently, Matt is increasingly cautious in his opinion of individuals without knowing how they might be feeling. Step by step instructions to refer to Born Too Short, Essay models

Quest For Vengeance And Distorted Personalities Essay

Journey For Vengeance And Distorted Personalities - Essay Example This article analyzes the unfriendly impacts retaliation has had on the focal figure of Paulina in Death And The Maiden, and Claire Zachanassian in The Visit. Demise And The Maiden, joining easily components of anticipation, secret and profound quality, interlaces them with exceptionally fascinating bits of knowledge into the mental openings of a casualty, compelled to live with the open injuries of her mistreatment. The play, occurring in an anonymous nation, is set in the occasions when the nation has recently gotten away from a merciless extremist system. Paulina lives with her significant other Gerardo, who was previously an extremist neutralizing the fascism and is currently an individual from an advisory group doled out to examine human-rights infringement. A couple of years back, Paulina was captured and severely assaulted and tormented while blindfolded, by a twisted specialist who played Franz Schubert's group of four Passing And The Maiden. She accepts that the more bizarre that her better half has now brought into their house is the specialist liable for her horrendous experience. She detains the specialist, separates a constrai ned admission from him but then, rather than slaughtering him, releases him at long last. The play gives the peruser abundant opportunities to peer inside the tormented soul of Paulina and comprehend the degree to which her character has been mutilated by her past encounters. Paulina demands savagely that the detainee be put being investigated and resolvedly won't hear the moderate voice of her better half, indicating that she has lost all judiciousness and reason and is blinded by a horrendous anger. By portraying this, Dorfman has indicated how hunger for vengeance stays torpid, covering up underneath the layers of a victim's, for this situation Paulina's, character making a deception of regularity, calming the casualty's friends and family into a misguided feeling of lack of concern. In any case, when Paulina is demonstrated to remember a horrible encounter from quite a while ago, her contempt reemerges again with such viciousness that it stuns. When Paulina ties the specialist to a seat, she chokes him utilizing her undies. This activity of hers is profoundly adroit as it shows that the specialist's all out corruption is her principle point and that's it, and just the most mortifying treatment dispensed to her detainee will fulfill her. She does this in light of the fact that unknowingly she wants the specialist to experience the equivalent mental and passionate torment that she experienced. Seeing him defenseless, genuinely bound and choked, squirming excruciatingly and even incapable to take care of himself, gives her a profound, unreasonable fulfillment. Staying discreet exercises against the fundamentalist system of her nation and her mental fortitude during her imprisonment in see, we can securely to accept that Paulina is a better than average individual with a high good sense and faith in grandiose goals, for example, opportunity and equity, yet with regards to Dr. Roberto Miranda, she callously tosses each one of th ose standards to the breeze and turns into a tigress, anxious for blood. Dorfman successfully features the internal unrest of Paulina's spirit by comparing her tormented mind with physical verification of the amount she endures. The peruser can really feel her nerves rigid with pressure because of her cut discoursed and her similarly touchy criticisms. The accompanying tirade of hers, fills in as an away from of her enduring under a spell of disdain, as she says, And why

Ultimate Guide to Brand Marketing

Ultimate Guide to Brand Marketing © Shutterstock.com | Leszek GlasnerIn this article, you will learn 1) what is brand marketing, 2) how branding and marketing are connected, 3) about the purpose of brand marketing, 4) the benefits of brand marketing, and 5) ways to use brand marketing for your business.WHAT IS BRAND MARKETINGA  brand name enables customers to (not) trust the quality of each service or product that a business is offering in the marketplace. The mention of a brand name (or view of a brand logo) recalls a customer’s perceptions and experiences, either positive or negative.Branding concepts extend way beyond the marketing of designer clothing or anything else. The brand represents an identity in the market â€" what they do, who they are, what standard of quality is provided, trustworthiness, reputation, etc. Therefore, brand marketing is vital to almost all businesses, from breakfast foods, to new technologies.The objectives of Brand Marketing and the recognition of a brand are:Instantly conjuring up a message.The enhancement of credibility.Prompting of an emotional response.Motivating a customer to buy and interact.Augmentation of customer loyalty.Even if an enterprise sells a generic product, a non-brand alternative, then this product still carries that producer’s name, and reputation. If one dislikes the generic alternative then a customer will think again before purchasing another “generic” product from that producer.Awareness of a company’s brand saves customers energy and time in investigating that company, making it simpler to decide about buying that enterprise’s services or product.‘Brand Marketing’ is as fully concerned about product quality as it is regarding communication. Second rate product quality affects the perception a customer for a brand much more than good quality can. Attention to quality must prevail upon all aspects of a company’s relationship with their customers, including on their social-media activity and company website. Internet bran d marketing cannot be tacked on as an afterthought, with minimal investment; any deficiency there will also negatively impact a company’s reputation, and along with it all its services and products.Companies strive to improve customer awareness of their reputation when developing a brand campaign. This means communicating what the company is, and how well it does it, and providing a means to trigger that information instantly to a customer’s mind. Instant recognition may be communicated via a logo appearing on company material so that it is ubiquitous people then associate that logo and its reputation with all products and services the company offers.Earned attention is more valued than ever and expertise in how an entity earns the publics attention is at the forefront of Brand Marketing. In this era anyone can communicate anything, brands need create and sustain an authentic, entertaining and transparent story in their relationship with a smart, networked public.A brand might have high customer awareness, but perhaps the message does not communicate to the customers’ key priorities, or it’s not reinforced by customer experience, or the product could be flawed.As a side note, feel free to read through this inspiring slides on how to create a great brand.[slideshare id=21209253doc=theimpossiblebrandformulabydavidbrier-130515092305-phpapp01w=640h=330]An evolving brand strategy is finally tested at the three points of interaction with customers. The first stage involves defining the brand’s meaning:How the brand must inhabit the customers minds.Manage the broadcast of the brand signals.Amplify the signals and battle the distortion.The message, was it received? Manage closely the customer response and reception.How a brand comes to inhabit the minds of the customers.Brand experience influences consumer behavior, this must be focused upon for negative feedback in the digital world is shared so rapidly and broadly, that it can be highly damaging.70% of co nsumers trust their friends brand recommendations, yet just 10% trust advertising. Brand experience then, determines the power of consumer influence, highly important when considering that the most powerful ad medium is by word of mouth. Brand experience accounts for 50 to 80 percent in any given product category.Brand experience is inherently social, being built upon ideas that people want to spend time with, and that people want to share. Research has illustrated that a positive brand experience has three times more potential to spark a conversations than adverts. Further, over 50% of the conversations triggered by brand experience spark a purchase.Brand experience generates pull that brings people into a brand through others’ advocacy. The digital era has greatly amplified this and accelerated its experiential reach and together they are perfectly suited.BRANDING AND MARKETINGA brand is the notion a customer has about a product, business, or service. That is based on his or her accumulated experience. This experience is a mixture of tangible and intangible concepts, images, words and a feeling.Therefore, if the role of Branding and Marketing is to create this Brand essence. Why do it? Because, if the target for a brand does not have a clear line of sight to business goals, then one is likely to be making poor decisions about the brand.Ultimately, a brand exists to create action, action that is likely to sell products and/or services. If a brand does not stimulate action, then it simply will not exist very long. Brands need to cause effect, and that has to be something focused, meaningful, memorable and sufficiently valuable to cause emotion and, subsequently action.The important points to owning a phrase in the minds of potential customers so that they believe you can credibly deliver, are:Top of mind. A brand needs to aim for exclusive ownership of a customer’s mind spaceEmotions. The brand needs to inculcate a feeling; not just a word, a jingle, an id ea or phrase.Emotion to action. The feeling is the law of causation, it should compel an action.When thimking of being top of mind with customers, this presentation covers how to create a memorable brand.[slideshare id=54559967doc=creatingamemorablebrandexpereince-151030101945-lva1-app6891w=640h=330]As I said, it is important that brands ingest emotions into customers that make them act. A great book about how to do that you can read now.[slideshare id=54501627doc=zzdoww15041redpapersbrandsthatdof2-151028233418-lva1-app6892type=dw=640h=330]What’s the difference between marketing and branding? Branding, as we have seen above, is the culture itself. The message that is empirical and permeates all the parameters of an enterprise.Marketing is the menu of tools and expertise that promotes a business, which in the digital age is a multi-platform endeavor â€" perhaps summed up by the Chartered Institute of Marketing as The management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably.Whatever one’s definition, marketing remains a crucial element of any brand â€" essentially being what one does to deliver a message and a guarantee to customers.The brand is how one maintains that guarantee with delivery and satisfaction to customers and colleagues.Branding and marketing are clearly not the same. They go hand in hand.Branding is the core of a marketing strategy. In order to build an effective brand, you need authenticity and clarity at each step of the process, allowing your target market to identify with your brand personality and values successfully.Branding is not a one off exercise that one does at the start of establishing a business. It is clearly an ongoing endeavor which permeates the processes, the culture, and one’s progress as a business; it necessitates loyalty and dedication that reflects upon a business. Ultimately, the actual measure of a branding and marketing success is in creating loyal customers who become brand ambassadors as well.What is brandingBranding is vital to any sized business, retail or B2B. Effective strategies offer a major edge in ever competitive scenarios. A brand is a promise to a customer and derived from who you are, who you wish to be, and the customers’ perceptions.Branding strategy cannot be disassociated from business strategy.Successful businesses and effective brands, focus intensely on customers and other facets of their business, rather than brand building. If a product is not competitive or market presence is declining, no brand will be healthy; therefore, confronting brand issues alone, will do little to reverse poor performance.Rather than ask, “Should we rebrand?” etc., ask questions from the customer perspective, i.e. “Do customers believe what we say?”, “How should we deliver on our promise to customers?” The answers will dispel assumptions.Having managed those points of interaction with customers will help the brand strategy to b e effective in order to shift demand at the fourth, and final stage.The meaning of a brand, and how it persists in customers’ mindsâ€"and the signals one chooses to convey that meaning.These signals get transmitted to employees, present and prospective customers, investors and any other stakeholder.But signals may be distorted for worse or amplified for better along the way, thus enterprises need continually to monitor and tweak their transmission.Eventually, these total interactions determine how a brand is received and subsequently, perceived, in the minds of customers, to stimulate buying and recommendation responses.What is marketingDeveloping a strategy for modern marketing is challenging. There is an array of interactive devices, platforms or channels the public use, e.g. laptop, smartphone, social networks and search engines. Marketing via traditional channels like Print, TV, and Radio has declined, but remain essential for many businesses.Regardless of this, we still need to research customer requirements, and offer successful products or services for different target segments, and broadcast this effectively.Our definition emphasizes marketings focus on the customer, while simultaneously implying a need to link to all our business facets to achieve profitability. The definition highlights four questions to be included in marketing strategies:Identifying. How do we define different groups of customers as market segments and as individuals?Anticipating. How do we use our market research to identify changing and future customers’ requirements?Satisfying. How do we assess the customer experience and encourage their loyalty and recommendations?Profitably. How can we choose a mix of marketing communications and services by using different channels which maximize return on investment?A key point of contemporary marketing is integration of various channels of communication to create a seamless customer journey â€" there are so many channels understand how these communication touch points influence people to support the brand.PURPOSE OF BRAND MARKETINGA brand today must breathe and live through its core values to survive.Some 87% of consumers globally believe business must give equality to societal issues and business issues, the better a brand examples its societal purpose every day, the more successful both the business and the social impact is â€" this has been an evolving and growing marketing fact for some years now.Even though empirical marketing lessons remain the same, these days a brand’s emotional impact on customers is directly in proportion to the social impact of one’s purpose and will become an even greater factor going forward:Send clear messages to customersConfirm your brand’s credibility.Connect to your target prospects emotionally.Prompt an emotional affirmation and Motivate the customer.Augment customer loyalty to your brand. A brand name that’s trusted ensures confidence and consideration  The American M arketing Association (AMA) describes a brand as a name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers, and to differentiate them from those of other sellers.”Branding is not about getting a target market to choose you over competitors, but more of having your prospects perceive you as the only enterprise which provides their solution.Understand the needs and wants of prospective customers.Integrate brand strategies of the business at every communication touch point with the public.The brand is in the minds and hearts of the customers, clients, and the prospects as the total of their experiences and perceptions of the products. As competition for customers intensifies daily, a robust brand image is priceless. It is crucial to invest in research, defining, and building the brand.The brand is a source of a promise to a consumer and a foundation of one’s marketing communication and is an asset.BEN EFITS OF BRAND MARKETINGFrom the small home enterprise to the largest corporation, only a minority have what may be classed as a brand. We associate brands with large organizations, yet the smallest enterprise uses branding methods with excellent benefits.Loyalty and RecognitionBranding’s main benefit is that customers are more certain to remember that company or product. Brand name, logo, and imagery, helps keep your company in the mind of the public.The Imagery of SizeStrong branding projects an image of an established business as the public usually associate branding with larger companies which have money to spend on marketing. By creating an effective brand, it can make a business seem larger.The image of establishment and size is important as a customer requires assurance that it will still exist in a few years’ time.The Imagery of QualityBrands project a quality image in a business. People see a brand as part of a service or product which helps to project your value and qu ality. It is regularly repeated that if one shows somebody two similar products, of which one is branded; they overwhelmingly believe the brand item is of higher quality.The Imagery of Reliability and ExperienceA robust brand gives the image of an established business which has existed long enough to be well known. A branded company is most likely to be perceived as being experienced with their services or products, and thus are generally viewed as being more trustworthy and reliable than an unbranded company.Multiple ProductsIf a business brand is strong, it allows linkage of several different products and ranges. Putting the brand identifier on each product or service being marketed, means that customers of one product will be more inclined to buy another product from the brand.Most of the public believe that a company would be hesitant to put a brand name on an item or service that is of poor quality. Good quality is not replaced with a brand, so bad publicity will damage a brand and a businesses image, particularly if inferior quality prevails and persists for a long period.WAYS TO BRAND MARKET YOUR BUSINESSWhether you are just starting up, already are a small business, or are an established firm, the re-appraisal of what it is you are all about, and to articulate the same, will apply to all. These days branding and marketing are not just about having something to sell â€" rather it has become an intricate science of communication and relationship building, with the public.Choosing Your Voice and PersonalityWhy you do what you do.Why this business is being built?Why do I wish to help, with our product, this particular group of people?What does it matter to me that this gets done?Though there is not a single formula for brand success, communication, as we have seen is key to creating and sustaining a company image.What is the brand?How do we wish to be perceived â€"casual and approachable, or formal and corporate, etc.?Can we be true to our identity all thr ough the existence of the brand?When you find that story, then repeatedly tell it, in your unique voice via the different channels.Outline the Values.Derived from the previous research, those values that you decide will then define you and the brand.Clarifying a solid set of values pushes one be consistent and also serves as the guiding principles of the company by permeating the enterprise.Define the Culture.The integrity of the organization heavily depends upon the culture cultivated in the business.Know your customer.Research how the current and potential customers perceive you and the business, use this as a launching pad to calibrate the brand so that it retains current customers while also attracting the ideal customer.Shout the message from the rooftops.The following points are most important to consider when planning a communication strategy:The company’s mission statement, which has been derived from self-questioning.Calls to action. What goals are set, and what is the pl an for the brand to entice the public?Those benefits that customers will receive from the brand, which we also answered at the beginning of this article.The chosen platforms for the product/s and the appropriate media channel for each.Communicate the Brand to the Public.Finally, you get to the point where marketing enters the story. One now has to decide what to do, to raise awareness about the brand.The previous steps, combined with your perceptive market research and analysis, will be crucial in choosing where and how to communicate the brand and effectively reach the target audience.Once you have the knowledge of ‘how customers perceive the brand’, you must uncover their preferred channels of communication whether that means local newspaper, the internet, adverts at transportation hubs or B2B publications. One has to use these channels to broadcast the brand. Not forgetting mobile phones. Mobile use for search increased from 25% in 2012 to 42% in 2014. If the branding is not cellular mobile compatible, one can lose out quite significantly.Be the Principle You Wish to Project.The holy grail of successful communication is Authenticity. Ensure the company culture and one’s intentions are in sync with the brand for when customers interact with the business, their expectations must not be disillusioned â€" you’ll never get them back! The same goes for adverts, personal contacts and one’s social pages identity.Startups and Small Businesses.Time and money is often tight. This does not mean one should neglect a products branding. One prevalent mistake is to rush to market thinking, I just need to get the product out there, and then get surprised at the backend when customers do not come a clambering.Luckily, it is possible to create a strong foundation for a brand with limited cash and time commitments. Though there is not a single recipe for branding, it also does not imply that you cannot create an excellent result for a business.Build your online foll owing. One has to remain agile constantly moving in sync with emerging channels and market tastes.In today’s marketplace, there is no better way to grow a personal or enterprise brand than via a strong following online. Follow a consistent communication that illustrates the company authentically, and the image will stand the tests of time. Let’s recap those main points:Define your Unique BrandDo not copy others. Be unique.Envisage the brand as an individual in the initial phases.Define the differences of your competition.Let adventure and innovation be the drivers.Build an allure and mystique about the brand.Create the strategy to force multiply the brand’s worth.Constantly deliver valueEvolve the brand yet consistently communicate to your customers. Develop their brand loyaltyHave branding in mind when communicating to customers.Be a consistent message to the customers.Don’t re-jig and repeat the tired old message.Engage and construct customer loyalty to a brand -by delive ring on the answers given to the questions posed, at the beginning of this article.CONCLUSIONHow does a brand inhabit the minds of customers?Consumers today have powerful resources at their beck and call. From wherever in the world, one can access customer reviews, blogs, and competitor’s websites.Amidst all this the better option is for a brand to fully embrace the natural consumer behavior. If the consumers are searching specific information but cannot find it, they get frustrated. If a brand offers access to everything needed to make a decision, customers will be thrilled.It is not sufficient to simply produce content. On the Internet, infinite resources are at hand and people want information, they want it exactly when they have questions. This is why it is so vital for a brand to create content which is available and accessible at the minimum. Information must function as a draw to find the information prospectives require, in that exact moment when questions are being asked. Create and distribute the right information. If you produce a guide on a topic that consumers have knowledge of, yet do not focus on the supplemental details that consumers are actively looking for and can’t find, your business ends up with an equivalent of nothing.Tailor and design what you create according to the specific needs of your audience, after the research has come in. This little guide is an example of such a concept â€" it was written because it was asked for.

Hipaa Compliance Laws And The Iso 17799 Security Standard...

THE HIPAA COMPLIANCE LAWS AND THE ISO 17799 SECURITY STANDARD Unit VII – Research Paper Margarita Olguin ITC 4390 Columbia Southern University September 14, 2016 THE HIPAA COMPLIANCE LAWS AND THE ISO 17799 SECURITY STANDARD The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act came into existence in 1996. It is part of government legislation that was created to safeguard medical information and any health records related to an individual. Government gave providers a deadline, April 14, 2003, for them to become HIPAA compliant, meaning, they had to have a plan in place to keep medical records private. The legislation directives are given by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The directives of the HIPAA compliance law indicate that any covered entities and their business associates must all comply in accordance with this law. In order to be compliant, there are four rules that must be looked at and implemented: HIPAA Compliance Rules 1. Privacy Rule 2. Security Rule 3. Enforcement Rule 4. Breach Notification Rule The HIPAA privacy rule requirements states that the entities and their associates must have administrative, physical and technical safeguards to ensure the security, integrity, and confidentiality of a person’s health information. The HIPAA Security Rule is more complex than rule number one as it entails several parts. There are three safeguards that must be implemented, Technical, Physical and Administrative. TheShow MoreRelatedThe ISO 17799 Framework621 Words   |  3 PagesISO 17799 ISO 17799 is a detailed security standard organized into major areas of business continuity planning, system access control, system development and maintenance, physical and environmental security, compliance, personnel security, security organization, computer and operations management, asset classification, and control and security policy (Violino, 2005). This framework provides a high level of assurance in various areas of business. It is the most obvious for security and coversRead MoreTft2 Cyberlaw, Regulations, and Compliance1320 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: Policy Statements 1 Policy Statements Kevin Corey Western Governors University Policy Statements 2 Internationally security techniques and standards, such as ISO 17799, establish guidelines that organizations must implement in order to maintain information security. Information must be protected from those without a readily need to know to perform organizational business functions. Unauthorized access to information can have a detrimental impact on an organizationRead MoreBusiness Information Systems31162 Words   |  125 PagesReference: p. 18 27. Inadequate data management is an example of the ___________ dimension of business problems. a. technical b. organizational c. people d. management Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Reference: p. 18 28. Legal and regulatory compliance is an example of which dimension of business problem? a. Management b. Organizational c. People d. Ethical Answer: c Difficulty: Hard Reference: p. 18 29. Aging hardware and outdated software are examples of which dimension of business problem

The Waterfalls Essay Topics Cover Up

The Waterfalls Essay Topics Cover Up There's a selection of essay types, and every one of them are able to assist you in developing your abilities and widening your knowledge. The important thing is finding the topic that may satisfy the necessities of the school, class, and teacher most effectively. The intent of assigning an essay to middle school students is to make awareness and permit them to develop writing skills. The ways they should be taught about their health. Research papers are somewhat more complex than the essays you have written before. Students will discover that it's simpler to write about topics they're interested in, and it'll make the researching process much simpler. Research-based topics require students to assemble information till they write. Curriculum proposal topics is a means to try. Waterfalls Essay Topics: No Longer a Mystery You might be offered a list of essay prompts to pick from. It's always better if you've already been assigned an es say, but if you're not, and you would like to choose one for your small business essay, TutorVersal is here for your help. To locate argumentative essay topics easy on various platforms, you want to comprehend about the argumentative essay. Even though the essay questions change, the topic of the essays often stays the same. Essay writing is a significant portion of the XAT Exam especially because it's conducted together with the major exam. Reading example essays works precisely the same way! An argumentative essay is a certain kind of academic writing. Whether an essay, dissertation, or some other paper help is going to be provided timely. You always intuitively understand as soon as an intriguing essay idea is in fact the ideal idea for you. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's critical to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. Bear in mind you could make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. This article will present how you're able to produce an intriguing topic alongside top 10 examples. To choose which subject you're likely to discuss, it's essential to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topic s from the special area of study. Make certain you have learned all the smallest details before you begin. When research papers are assigned, it's critical to choose a topic which fits with the requirements from the training course. The Supreme Strategy for Waterfalls Essay Topics Colleges are more inclined to admit students who can articulate certain explanations for why the school is a superb fit about them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. An excellent start is a guarantee of succeeding. Occasionally it only appears simple, but lots of students forget about the sort of academic writing they have to stick with. To begin with, your key to winning essay is a very clear comprehension of what it is you are likely to handle. Type of Waterfalls Essay Topics There isn't a single foolproof method to settle Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Argumentative essays suppose there is a discussion opposed to a single viewpoint, while persuasive ones involve supporting just one po sition. Getting in a position to compose a strong argument can help you succeed in society. The best approaches to accept the society and help it become accept you. Argumentative Essay As the name implies, you must present an argument on a topic. Researching your essay may be a true pain. With all these topics covered over and over, it's sometimes more effective to alter the topic a bit to make it a bit different. Each topic is broken into subtopics that you should prepare. You need to be very careful when choosing an essay topic. If you're genuinely interested in a topic then it is significantly simpler to study and you are not as likely to stop. Facts, Fiction and Waterfalls Essay Topics Creative Essay writing is currently recognized among the most useful activity for kids for their general personality development. Contribute your thoughts and people are sure to read! They are the true cause of climate change. Man continues to find out more about his effect on the environment of Earth. Possessing relevant vocabulary for each topic will offer you a huge advantage. To start with, your motivation for a writer is affected by the essay topic you pick. Therefore, the topic you select plays a very important role. The Essay Topics list is provided for English i n addition to Hindi section. Who Else Wants to Learn About Waterfalls Essay Topics? Another good idea is to receive some totally free essay examples of different sorts and on various subjects to find a general idea of the way in which a thriving debatable paper looks. It is likewise very beneficial to pick a notable bit of writing which doesn't need to be introduced to the audience. If you're thinking that you will need someone to compose my essay at the moment, you can just rely on our honest reviews. If you aim to compose a fantastic essay, you ought to take into consideration that any bit of writing has its hidden obstacles. Don't neglect to write the last part, that is the conclusion of your essay paper. There are lots of different Business-related essay topics a student can select from, and as mentioned earlier, all of them need a good deal of work and patience put into it for it to develop into an essay that could help you get high grades. By doing this it is possible to easily finish the descriptive paper. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper will help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. The manner in which you formulate your argument heavily is dependent upon the essay type. Needless to say, you can begin with a broader concept, and after that bring the audience to your primary statement. A remaining tip in regard to essay format is to make sure you publish within the nearby dialect. The central intention of any introduction is presenting the principal idea of your definition essay, in different words, you are to state clearly what it is you're likely to define.

Asia europe transport problems Free Essays

string(84) " network formulated in the corridor South-East Asia – China – Mongolia\." Recent political and economic developments at the global and regional levels have resulted in a more conducive development environment in the Asian and Pacific region and the opening-up of opportunities for international trade and tourism development for the developing countries of the region, including those which are landlocked. Nevertheless, the lack of unhindered access to the sea adds transport costs and time to international trade transactions. In addition, landlocked countries face greater transport risks and hazards than countries which have direct access to nternational sea routes. We will write a custom essay sample on Asia europe transport problems or any similar topic only for you Order Now The United Nations has addressed the specific concerns of landlocked countries in a number of documents. Among those which are directly related to transport are the following: General Assembly resolution 50/97 of 20 December 1995 on specific actions related to the particular needs and problems of landlocked developing countries; â€Å"Global framework for transit transport cooperation between landlocked and transit developing countries and the donor community† (TD/B/LDC/AC. /6); â€Å"Problem of physical infrastructure development of the landlocked countries, ncluding economies in transition† (E/ESCAP/SREC(7)/3); and â€Å"Progress report on measures designed to improve the transit transport environment in Central Asia† (A/ 51/288). With Just-in-time delivery becoming almost a prerequisite for efficient international trade, particularly in an increasingly competitive market environment, adequate attention must be given to resolving problems in transport areas whi ch are crucial for the efficient development of the international trade of landlocked countries. The inauguration in May 1996 of a new rail line linking the Islamic Republic of Iran nd Turkmenistan, thus completing a new â€Å"silk rail route† from China to Europe via the landlocked countries of Central Asia; the priority attention of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the development of the necessary physical infrastructure, as well as bilateral and multilateral agreements for international transport particularly to and from Central Asia; the establishment in May 1996 of a forum for the comprehensive development of regions along the second Europe-Asia continental bridge which is of importance to Mongolia and the landlocked countries of Central Asia; the initiative of he Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) on the development of a rail link from Singapore through Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam or the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and on to Kunming, China; and the recently completed study of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) on tr ansport and transit needs, including those of Nepal and Bhutan, are vivid illustrations of the commitment of the member countries of ESCAP to the development of a land transport network in Asia in The present note highlights some of the issues and problems of physical and soft nfrastructure in the main modes of transport (with emphasis on land transport, inland waterways and connections to seaports) which serve the landlocked countries in the region, namely Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia, Nepal, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. l. MAJOR ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR To improve the efficiency and competitiveness of international trade and tourism in the landlocked countries of the region, the following issues relating to major modes of transport need to be addressed: (a) choice of alternative transit routes; b) reduction of transit costs and time along the transport routes; and (c) cooperation among the organizations concerned. A. Choice of alternative transit routes Although many of the landlocked countries in the region have several potential routes to seaports, most of them are heavily dependent on one main transit route because of limited resources and, in some cases, the limited options open to them in the past as a result of the political situation at that time. This render these countries vulnerable to disruption of transit services owing to national disasters, technical and operational breakdowns, labour disputes and conflicts. Moreover, in view of regionalization and globalization of economic development, different access routes to different seaports may be required for efficient transport of goods to trade partners located in different parts of the globe. Therefore, it is important for any landlocked country to have a choice of transit land transport routes (and inland waterways if applicable) to the main seaports in Asia, as well as a choice of air transport routes and connections to major subregional, regional and global destinations. In addition, in view of the development of trade within Asia, as well as between Asia and Europe, there is an increasing demand for reliable and efficient intra-Asia and Asia-Europe land bridges with connections to landlocked countries in the region. The landlocked countries need to be part of an integrated approach to the development of an intra-Asia and Asia-Europe land transport network of international importance. 1. Formalization of the international land transport network in Asia The Commission at its forty-eighth session, held in Beijing in April 1992, endorsed comprising the Asian Highway; the Trans-Asian Railway; and facilitation of land ransport, as a priority for phase II (1992-1996) of the Transport and Communications Decade for Asia and the Pacific. The objective of the project is to assist in creating a land transport network in Asia to facilitate international trade and tourism. The route selection criteria include capital-to-capital links and connections to main industrial and agricultural centres, and connections to major seaports and river ports, as well as to major container terminals and depots. The network should also provide interregional land transport linkages, particularly with the region of the Economic Commission for Europe. The project enjoys support from 25 ESCAP members, including all the landlocked countries except Armenia, Azerbaijan and Bhutan which have yet to Join the project. Armenia and Azerbaijan, however, are participating in activities that are related to ALTID. With the successful implementation of phase I (1994-1995) of the ALTID project, considerable progress has been achieved in the formulation of the international land transport network in Asia linking landlocked countries. The Asian Highway network (see figure l) has been revised in the southern corridor connecting the Islamic Republic of Iran – South Asia – South-East Asia (which includes he landlocked countries of Afghanistan, Nepal and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic), and a new network formulated in the corridor South-East Asia – China – Mongolia. You read "Asia europe transport problems" in category "Papers" A study on the development of highway networks in the landlocked Asian republics (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) to identify the potential Asian Highway routes in those countries was completed in 1996. The Trans-Asian Railway network includes the following land bridges between Asia and Europe: Europe-Russian Federation and/or China-Korean peninsula; Europe-Islamic Republic of Iran-Central Asia-China (New Silk Railway); Europe-Islamic Republic of Iran-South Asia-South-East Asia. With the completion during phase I ofa feasibility study on connecting the rail networks of China, Kazakstan, Mongolia, the Russian Federation and the Korean peninsula, and a project on the Trans-Asian Railway in the Indo-China and ASEAN subregions, the network has been formulated in the northern corridor of the Asia-Europe routes (see fgure II) which includes the landlocked countries of Kazakstan and Mongolia, and in the Indo-China and ASEAN subregions (see figure Ill), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. A potential Trans- Asian Railway network in the southern corridor of the Asia-Europe routes (of importance to Afghanistan and Nepal) was also identified (see fgure ‘V) through a related preliminary study. The Commission at its fifty-second session reiterated its strong support for the ALTID project and emphasized the importance of its completion and of improving the operational efficiency of both the Asian Highway and Trans-Asian Railway networks, including the Asia-Europe links, at the earliest possible date. The Commission adopted resolution 52/9 of 24 April 1996 on Intra-Asia and Asia-Europe land bridges. rogramme of the New Delhi Action Plan on Infrastructure Development in Asia and the Pacific. It also approved the plan of action for the implementation of phase II (1996-1997) of the ALTID project, which includes a detailed study on the southern corridor of the Trans-Asian Railway, and it decided that a study on the development of the Railway in the corridor connecting South-East and North-East Asia (including the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Mongolia) should be undertaken and that similar studies on the development of the Asian Highway and the Trans-Asian Railway in the corridor connecting northern Europe with the Russian Federation to the landlocked countries of Central Asia and the Islamic Republic of Iran should be included in the projected phase Ill (1998-1999) of the project. 13. When completed and fully operational for the whole of Asia, the land transport network could provide landlocked countries in the region with a choice of alternative land transport routes to major seaports in Asia, and land transport and land-cum-sea links to any other country in Asia and Europe. However, to realize such a potential, the landlocked countries must have unhindered access to the network. . Unhindered access to the international land transport network in Asia The construction of the regional land transport network and all related infrastructure is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for reliable and efficient international transport. A legal framework is also required to provide the basis for unhindered access to the routes for efficient international trade and tourism. A coordinated plan for the development of international land transport routes and services based on agreed performance parameters and standards is also essential. This has been vividly demonstrated by the experience of Europe, where the ollowing four major all-European transport agreements have been adopted: (a) The European Agreement on Main International Traffic Arteries (AGR Agreement) of 1975, which defines the major European roads and establishes uniform technical characteristics; (b) The European Agreement on Main International Railway Lines (AGC Agreement) of 1985, which determines the major lines and infrastructure parameters of the European railway network; (c) The European Agreement on Important International Combined Transport Lines and Related Installations (AGTC Agreement) of 1991, which is the first European ultilateral treaty governing international combined road/rail container and piggyback transport; (d) International infrastructure agreement covering European inland waterways Oanuary 1996). recommended that a legal framework should be developed for Asia in the form of ESCAP agreements on the Asian Highway and Trans-Asian Railway, taking into consideration the related experience of the European Union. With such ESCAP agreements in place, all the countries in Asia, including the landlocked countries, would enjoy free access to road and rail transport routes of international importance. 3. Inland waterways of international importance to some of the landlocked countries in Asia Inland water transport can play an important role for the regional or international trade of some landlocked countries. A number of rivers in these countries can potentially provide the cheapest means of communication with neighbouring countries, or even through them to other countries in the world. For instance, a number of tributaries of the Brahmaputra River flow out of Bhutan through India to Bangladesh; the Lao People’s Democratic Republic is bordered or bisected by the Mekong River which flows through China, Myanmar, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Thailand, Cambodia and Viet Nam; Mongolia gives rise to the Yenisey, the Angara and the Amur-Heilongjiang rivers which link the country to China and the Russian Federation; and Nepal has three of the four largest tributaries of the Ganges River flowing from India to Bangladesh. The improvement and development of inland water transport infrastructure and services would benefit all of these countries in various ways, including cost savings, environmental protection and energy savings. In addition, transit by water is more easily accepted by operators of seaports located at river mouths and it is less prone o losses, pilferage and breakage than transit by road and rail. At the present time, however, the rivers are not fully utilized for navigation in most landlocked countries. Most of the rivers are still in a natural state without appropriate improvement and marking. Water levels in the rivers are not always regular or sufficient and the gradient is often very steep. In some river sections, the waterways are full of rapids and shoals which endanger vessel navigation or even interrupt it entirely. Some rivers are blocked with siltation, cables, pipelines, bridges, dams and other structures along or crossing them. Few aids to navigation are nstalled to mark the navigable channels in the rivers. All these factors limit the free use of the rivers for transport. However, the potential of inland water transport for international trade should be evaluated. In order to promote the use of rivers for transport which would serve the needs of landlocked countries, ESCAP is implementing several projects under the regional action programme of the New Delhi Action Plan on Infrastructure Development, which was launched by the Ministerial Conference on Infrastructure in October 1996. One of the projects is on the harmonization of requirements relating to international mportance of common or well harmonized rules, and provide guidance with regard to navigation rules, aids to navigation, the carriage of dangerous goods, facilitation measures and waterway classifications for internationally navigable rivers. Another important project is on the development of inland water transport infrastructure and services. This project includes a regional strategic study for the development of inland water transport in the ESCAP region. An intensive investigation will be carried out to identify the problems faced by the inland water transport sector. The situation ill be compared with successful experiences in other parts of the world. This study should provide a clear picture of the advantages and disadvantages of inland water transport in specific situations, identify opportunities for development and suggest regional actions and national policy options to expand the use of rivers for navigation in the ESCAP region. Expert group and policy-level meetings will be held to discuss the findings and suggestions of the study. Necessary follow-up actions will be taken at both the regional and national levels. With regard to some landlocked Asian republics, the same opportunity may exist or transit transport through inland waterways. Specific studies need to be carried out to identify the potential for the expanded use of inland waterways. 4. Air transport It goes without saying that reliable and efficient air transport is crucial for the economic and social progress of landlocked countries. While the emphasis in this paper is on related aspects of land transport, inland waterways and maritime linkages and transport, the following activities of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) have been included in the regional action programme 1997-2001) of the New Delhi Action Plan on Infrastructure Development in Asia and the Pacific and endorsed by the Ministerial Conference on Infrastructure: programme of transition to the new civil aviation communications, navigation and surveillance and air traffic management system; programme for economic reform in civil aviation in Asia and the Pacific; programme for the protection of the environment in the vicinity of airports; improvement and harmonization of flight safety standards; expansion of the UNDP-promoted ICAO TRAINAIR programme; and poverty alleviation through rural airfield development in least developed countries. These projects address major problem areas in air transport in the Asian and Pacific region, includ ing in the landlocked countries. B. Reduction of transit time and costs along the transport routes of While the formulation of an international land transport network in Asia is in progress through the implementation of the ALTID project, there are already a provide the landlocked countries with access to seaports. These are reflected in table 1. 1. Reduction of transit time and costs at border crossings and ports Even when all necessary infrastructure is in place, the delay of vehicles at border rossings can entail tremendous losses of resources and time. A similar problem occurs when the waiting time is long for ships to be loaded and unloaded in seaports which serve landlocked countries. When international inland waterways are available for use, delays of cargo at cross-border points have similar economic effects. a) Facilitation of land transport at border-crossings (i)Commission resolution 48/11 on road and rail transport modes in relation to facilitation measures Recognizing that harmonized transport facilitation measures are a prerequisite for efficient international trade and transport along road and rail routes of nternational importance, the Page 1 1 Commission at its forty-eighth session adopted resolution 48/11 of 23 April 1992 on road and rail transport modes in relation to facilitation measures. By that resolution, it recommended that the countries in the region, if they had not already done so, consider the possibility of acceding to seven international conventions. The status of the accession of the landlocked and neighbouring countries in Asia to the international conventions is shown in table 2. It is clear that in order to facilitate international and bilateral trade and tourism the constructive cooperation of the ountries is required to create a minimum legal basis for land transport cross-border traffic. In this respect ESCAP adopted a subregional approach to providing assistance to countries. A special seminar for the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) subregion (with the participation of Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) on the implications and benefits of accession to the conventions was held in Tehran in November 1994. A similar seminar for the North-East Asian countries (including the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Mongolia) was conducted in May 1996 in Bangkok. Another seminar for countries of the Greater Mekong subregion (including the Lao People’s Democratic Republic) was organized Jointly by ESCAP and the Asian Development Bank at It is very encouraging to note that Uzbekistan has acceded to six conventions, and Kazakstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have each acceded to four. However, Afghanistan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan are each party to only two; Azerbaijan, to one; and Bhutan, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia and Nepal to none at all. A similar situation of accession to few or no convention occurs in the neighbouring ountries of Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Thailand and Viet Nam. Such a situation calls for the urgent implementation of Commission resolution 48/11 by all landlocked countries and their neighbouring countries. Transit facilitation Transit transport plays a particularly important role in the development of landlocked countries. Two international conventions, namely the Convention and Statute on Freedom of Transit, Barcelona, 20 April 1921 (popularly referred to as the â€Å"Barcelona Transit Convention†), and the Convention on Transit Trade of Landlocked States, New York, 8 July 1965 (â€Å"New York Transit Convention†) assist in facilitating the transit transport of landlocked countries. However, only a few of the Asian landlocked countries and their neighbouring countries are contracting parties of these conventions, as indicated in table 3. There is clearly great potential to improve transit transport in the region. It is recommended that the landlocked countries and the neighbouring countries should accede, if they have not already done so, to the Barcelona and New York transit conventions as soon as possible. The development of a subregional multilateral transit treaty/agreement also ppears to be a promising approach to transit facilitation. Preparation of such a draft transit treaty for the ECO region, for example, could be carried out as part of the project on international transport development in the ECO region, which is being proposed Jointly by ESCAP, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and ECO for possible funding by the Islamic Development Bank. (iii) Multilateral and bilateral agreements on land transport facilitation Multilateral and bilateral agreements which govern land transport at border crossings are of great importance to the landlocked countries in Asia. Given the role f the agreements in promoting international traffic, a database covering mainland Asia is being established at ESCAP as part of the ALTID project. As indicated above, there are several main rivers in Asia which may be used by landlocked countries for international transport. To facilitate navigation and river basin development activities, a draft agreement on commercial navigation on the Lancang Jiang – Mekong River (upper reaches of the Mekong River) between the Governments of China, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar and Thailand has been drawn up and it is expected that this agreement will be signed in the near uture. The Agreement on Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin was signed on 5 April 1995 between the countries of the Lower Mekong River basin (Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Thailand and Viet Nam). The Mekong River Commission is the institutional framework through which the Agreement will be implemented. The bilateral agreement between Bangladesh and India, which is signed on a biennial basis, could also be of practical interest to landlocked countries. Similar arrangements which take into account the related experience in other regions could e of great practical value in facilitating international inland water transport in Asia, including in landlocked countries. c) Facilitation of maritime traffic In addition to facilitation for land transport and transport on inland waterways, facilitation of maritime traffic plays an important role in improving the efficiency of the international land-cum-sea transport systems which serve the land locked In an era of large ships with efficient cargo operations resulting in very short stays in port, the delays caused by documentary â€Å"red tape† result in extra costs and time. To improve the situation, countries in the region having seaports (including those serving landlocked countries) are adopting the Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic, 1965 (FAL Convention) as amended. The objective of the FAL Convention is to simplify the procedures for the inward clearance of ships, cargoes, passengers and crew on arrival in a port. This can be achieved by the utilization of six standard declaration forms and the adoption of common standards for processing documentation. However, among the ESCAP members and associate members, only Australia, China, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, Fiji, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Marshall Islands, New Zealand, the Russian Federation, United States of America and Vanuatu are party (as of January 1997) to the FAL Convention. It is clear that there is potential to improve the efficiency of the land- cum-sea routes serving landlocked countries if all the coastal countries concerned accede to the FAL Convention. To assist the countries in the process of acceding to the Convention, ESCAP, in cooperation with the International Maritime Organization, ommenced in 1993 a four-year programme of country-level workshops and subregional seminars to promote the adoption of the FAL Convention and the implementation of its provisions. (d) Corridor studies To assist member countries in Asia, including landlocked countries, in the facilitation of cross-border traffic, ESCAP undertakes corridor studies to identify non- physical impediments to the flow of goods which cause delays and add unnecessary costs to the transport process. One such study, for example, was completed in 1994 in the corridor Singapore – Malaysia – Thailand – the Lao People’s Democratic Republic – Viet Nam. The study was extended in 1995 to cover Cambodia and in 1996 to include Myanmar. The study revealed the following impediments: restrictions on the movement of vehicles and drivers across borders; restrictions on the movement of cargo between the port and inland origin/destination without customs inspection in the port; restrictions on the movement of third country or transit cargo; limitations on the effective use of multimodal transport; and failure to make use of available technology and information to plan port and cargo-handling operations. The reports lso provided recommendations for dealing with these impediments. A study carried out by ADB on regional technical assistance to the Greater Mekong subregion for mitigation of non-physical barriers to cross-border movement of goods and people (completed in October 1996) should also be mentioned in this context. Similar studies are to be carried out as recommended by the Ministerial Conference on Infrastructure along the major intra-Asia and Asia-Europe land bridges, with the next ESCAP study planned for the corridor Port of Bandar Abbas (Islamic Republic of Iran) – landlocked countries of Central Asia – China. One other impediment frequently found in the landlocked countries in Asia is a lack of a proper coordinating mechanism at the national level among the ministries and agencies involved in cross-border procedures and formalities. 2. Improvement of transport logistics Multimodal transport, freight forwarding and electronic data interchange (ED’) play an increasingly important role in the development of international trade. Just- in-time delivery, which is becoming a prerequisite for competitive international trade, increases the need for a highly efficient integrated system of despatch, transport and How to cite Asia europe transport problems, Papers

Russia free essay sample

Russia is one of the largest states in the universe. Its entire country is over 17 million square kilometers. It is situated both in Europe and in Asia. There are different types of clime on its district. It is really cold in the North even in summer, and really warm in the South even in winter. There are many rivers in Russia, the longest are the Volga and the Yenisei and the Ob . The population of Russia is about 150 million people. The capital of our state is Moscow. As for the political system, Russia is a federal democracy. The legislative organic structure of the state is State Duma and the executive organic structure is a Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister. The president is the caput of the province and the authorities. He is elected every four old ages. Large alterations in political and economical life have happened in Russia during last old ages. We will write a custom essay sample on Russia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Our state is involved in the complicated procedure of formation of wholly new dealingss in international and domestic life. First the political life has been changed. For the first clip since 1917 we have started the concept ion of democratic society, the rectification of all errors made by the Communist government for 70 old ages. The most hard thing is the alter-nation of people s outlook. As now there is no such impression like â€Å"capitalism is the socialism s enemy† usual for the consciousness of many coevalss of former Soviet citizens. The alterations in the domain of economic system are being done with great troubles. Almost all the connexions between the democracies of the former USSR have been broken. The formation of the new economic system is a really long procedure of creative activity of new economic connexions with interior and foreign spouses. The political aspirations of many states of the former USSR and difficult rising prices processes in the state are the existent obstructions on the manner to the new economic system. But in malice of all these facts we should state, that Russia is traveling in front. This can be proved, for illustration, by the attitude to our state in the universe, by the first democratic elections of the President of Russia. This event became the great landmark in the history of the renewed Russian province. We believe in the great hereafter of Russia.

Comparison of AvantGarde Formal Art work essays

Comparison of AvantGarde Formal Art work essays A Comparison of Formal and Avant-Garde Artwork Modern art is a unique creation all its own, and since its beginnings there have been two very distinct groups present. They are the Formalists and the Avant-Garde. The Formalist group believes in the literal representation of the art work. They value the form used, whether it be how the colors are stressed or the techniques used, over the idea behind the art work. The Avant-Garde artists on the other hand are more interested in the creation of art in order to challenge what exactly art is and can be. They have tried to break down the boundaries of what I selected Piet Modrian for as the artist I looked at regarding Formalism. His work seemed to change over a period of time. His Woods done in 1910 showed a typical painting of the forest. By typical I mean that the depiction of the forest was done to look like a forest on the canvas. The next piece of Tree done in 1911 showed a more abstract form of trees while you could still detect on a lot of movement within the painting. The shapes and negative space between the lines is what became more important in his work. He then created Composition with Trees in 1914. This piece as his previous ones was even more abstract and was honing in on the form of the painting. Later he created a piece known only as Composition, removing the trees and woods all together from the title. He was trying to create the essence of nature using rectangles and simplifying lines to their primary essence. He also used more primary colors versus his previous works done in black and white. This idea that Mondrian was using while creating his works of art was one of the ideas that Clement Greenberg was dealing with in his works. Greenberg said that the actual painting over the form is what makes the art work abstract.1 Greenberg believed that on...

Cheer Up Your Job Search

Cheer Up Your Job Search At The Huffington Post Blog, author Mary Eileen Williams has tips for surefire strategies to help boost your job search over some of its biggest hurdles. Looking for work is discouraging and stressful–but it doesn’t have to be a dismal business. Avoid Isolation:As a natural introvert, when I was first laid off I thought having time alone to decompress and job hunt in peace would be a good thing. But before my first two weeks of unemployment had elapsed, I was feeling lonely and forgotten by my working friends. Williams suggests you get right back on the horse–network with new friends, keep up with old friends, and stay busy. She proposes you look into joining professional associations, volunteer in related fields, find job-hunting running buddies to keep each other company, and build up morale.Practice Proactive Stress Reduction:I’m a first class wallower when it’s time to brood over bad news or unfortunate timing. Don’t be afraid to indulge in a little time off. But I knew my stretch of unemployment sulking was about to turn around when I started finding low stakes projects around my apartment. Clean out your closet, organize your desk, stock up on job hunting supplies like resume paper, pens and a portfolio. Accomplishing small tasks gives you momentum and builds esteem for tackling the bigger objectives. Vent to your friends, but keep your correspondence with potential professional contacts upbeat and lively.Set Yourself Up For Success:One of the hardest things about being unemployed is feeling like you have no control over your job situation. But the tools you do have at your disposal can help you regain a sense of balance. Take a class, pursue a certification, ask for some informational interviews in industries or at companies you’ve been interested in. There are dozens of resources online and at your alma mater’s career center that can get your wheels moving. You won’t miss a beat when youâ₠¬â„¢re back on the job.Remember to practice non-tangible self-care too–speak gently to yourself, even when you’re frustrated, and make sure you’re eating, exercising and sleeping appropriately. Your job search may not turn around overnight, but if you put all your focus and enthusiasm into the hunt, you’ll find ways to make even the smallest accomplishments feel like progress.

Four books Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Four books - Essay Example As Shakespeare’s most famous novels, Hamlet manifests the various negative natures of man that includes neglect, betrayal, murder, and revenge. A son who witnessed the murder of his father by his own relative is too much a tragedy one could handle. Fury could further constrict the thin line that divides sanity and insanity caused Hamlet to delay his plans of avenging his father’s death. Although criticized for the vulgarity of some languages used, it cannot be denied that every word in the novel speaks of real emotions that every man feels especially when exposed to the same given situation. Another one of Shakespeare’s tragedies, Othello depicts the appalling consequences of jealousy and resentment. The characters in the novel held their own grudge against one another, which led them to develop schemes that destroyed every one of them. Allegiance, marriage, credibility and competencies are ruined when people allow themselves to be consumed by the compelling desire for attention and power. The weak, who easily succumb to such fancy and the manipulation of others, are kept captives that lead them nowhere else but towards failure whilst the strong triumphs over their fall. Similar to the pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales, people are divided by social classes and religions. Represented by the different characters in the story, who sees the world differently as dictated by their social and religious beliefs, each person has their own prejudices towards each other. However, Chaucer was able to justify in the stories that no matter how huge the differences of every individual in the society are, they have their own story to tell, which are different from what the community assumed of them that are worth listening to for they say who they really

Bonnie and Clyde(Penn, 1967) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bonnie and Clyde(Penn, 1967) - Essay Example Bonnie and Clyde can be easily put under the genre of crime films. These are the movies that have a plot revolving around the life of a criminal. The character could be someone as real life as conceivable or someone so villainous that the viewer feels that he could not possibly be real. Then there are some which are based on the lives of actual felons. Often, films portray the life of criminals to be exciting and glorified, and this movie is one of those. It gives a glimpse of how life as a wanted person could be like, all the rush and adrenaline and yet the worry that must be constantly at the back of their mind of being caught even if they are arrogant and act otherwise. Such movies give the watcher an inside look to how a criminal’s mind could be like (Barsam and Monahan). The story is set during the times of the Great Depression when practically everyone was unemployed and money was short. In turn, these events resulted in a rise of criminal activity since the only way tha t the people could afford to put some food in their belly was by stealing the food. One of those persons was Clyde Barrow. It is whilst he is trying to steal a car when he meets Bonnie Parker, a waitress who is, surprisingly, the daughter of the owner of the very same car – â€Å"Hey boy, what you doin' with my Mama's car?† (Newman, Benton and Towne). However, instead of creating an outcry, she helps Clyde and they manage to run away in the car. That makes her first crime stealing her mother’s car but Bonnie has no regrets as she is quite excited and is looking forward to a new way of life. As Arthur Penn explains, â€Å"the American negro has the same kind of attitude of 'I have nothing more to lose' that was true during the Depression for Bonnie and Clyde.... He really is at the point of revolution -- it's rebellion, not riot† (Friedman 84) The duo start small, they go around gas stations and such. However, when their increasingly expensive lifestyle re quires them to have more money, they raise the scales. They start robbing banks, figuratively spitting on authority that turned its back to them and so many others despite all their promises made in the past, even introducing themselves as â€Å"This here's Miss Bonnie Parker. I'm Clyde Barrow...We rob banks† (Newman, Benton and Towne). Throughout the movie, the viewer may notice the subtle way that the Robin Hood theme has been continuously showcased. The two are stealing money from those who shut themselves down and refused to lent money to the poor in their times of need. In fact, the banks collapse and with them sink all the money that the ordinary people had cashed in their accounts as savings for the future. There is also a scene during one of the robberies at the bank when a farmer who had dropped by is allowed to keep all his money with him. It is through these little gestures that they show that are just ordinary folk. They are two thieves stealing money and living t heir life as they want it to be despite the terrible times and all the uncertainty that the normal public are feeling. It is clear since the beginning of the movie that Bonnie and Clyde are instantly attracted towards each other. Romance taking place in the future is a definite yes. The pair have a fun time together, meeting people they like and dislike but enjoying life to the fullest. Still, it is not all

Every Tourist Is A Voyeuring Gourmand Tourism Essay

Every Tourist Is A Voyeuring Gourmand Tourism Essay This chapter will continue on from chapter two and aims to discuss in detail the culinary tourist. The researcher will define the term culinary tourist and explain how these types of tourists can be categorised. This chapter will also outline the issues facing sustainable tourism and authenticity in relation to food tourism and the culinary tourist. Furthermore, the researcher will highlight the Travel Activities and Motivation Survey (TAMS) which is considered to be the most comprehensive profiles available of culinary tourists. Finally, the researcher will investigate the culinary tourist in Ireland. Although data is scarce in relation to the Irish culinary tourism industry, a Mintel report which was published in 2009 provides some knowledge into both the international and Irish tourists who holiday in Ireland. Eating is one of our most basic physiological needs even when outside our usual environment (Tikkanen 2007). Yet, information on food tourism and the culinary tourist appears rare. Chapter two outlined the fact that food is a very much overlooked element of tourism literature (Selwood 2003). As a result of this lack of direct research into food tourism, there are few insights into the demographic and psychographic characteristics of food tourists (Wolf 2006), and those insights that do exist are considered by Hall et al (2003) to be largely superficial. Murray (2008) agrees and states that terms such as food tourism or the culinary tourist could be used in ways which are misleading and, as a result, may cause inappropriate decisions to be made by tourism planners and operators. Murray (2008) suggests that once culinary tourism has been identified as a potential avenue to pursue, the natural tendency is to identify the market, and that leads immediately to segmentation. However, some tourists may be culinary enthusiasts rather than culinary tourists, and although interested in food, culinary activities are not the main purpose of travel for these types of tourists (Murray 2008). In spite of the recognition that little is still known about either the food buying-behaviour of tourists or of the role it plays in the overall travel decision, destinations are increasingly using food as a means to differentiate themselves and broaden their market base (Hall et al 2003; McKercher, Okumus, and Okumus 2008). As previously discussed, food is an important tourist attraction and enhances or is central to the visitor experience (Henderson 2009). For many, food becomes highly experiential (i.e. much more than functional) when it is part of a travel experience, it can become sensuous and sensual, symbolic and ritualistic, and can take on new significance and meaning (Hall et al 2003, p.61). Long suggests that the culinary tourist anticipates a change in the foodways experience for the sake of experiencing that change, not merely to satisfy hunger (Long 2004, p.21). Longs definition implies that intentionality is required whereas Wolf (2006, p.2) proposes a more lenient def inition; the true culinary tourist is not a snob, but rather an explorer who also happens to be an impassioned aficionado of food and drink. Therefore, the culinary tourist could be defined as loosely as someone who appreciates local food or someone who spends time in a grocery store in a foreign country. Due to broad definitions such as this, one could acknowledge why research on culinary tourists is rare. The Culinary Tourism in Ontario (2005-2015) Strategy and Action Plan makes a very noble attempt to differentiate between tourists with intentionality and those who are better described as enthusiasts. The Action Plan illustrates culinary tourism markets being broken down by an understanding of what motivates the traveller: Primary Travellers whose main focus and intent is for a culinary tourism experience. Secondary Travellers whose focus on culinary tourism is shared with another tourism motivator such as golf, shopping, visiting family and friends. However, culinary tourism is part of their itinerary. Tertiary Travellers whose itinerary or motivators does not include culinary tourism. Culinary tourism experience is impromptu or ad hoc to their original intent (Culinary Tourism in Ontario (2005-2015) Strategy and Action Plan, p.21). 3.3 Location, Sustainable Tourism and Authenticity Sims (2009) remarks on the growing body of research which is beginning to prove that sensations of taste, touch, sound and smell can play an important role within the holiday experience, adding that holiday food is becoming of particular importance to researchers (Sims 2009, p.321). Crotts and Kivela (2006, p.355) agree and cite that our sensory perceptions play a major psychological and physiological role in our appraisal and appreciation of food, as they do for other experiences at a destination. Dining out is a pleasurable sensory experience, hence, the feel good factor which tourists experience as a result of food consumption at a destination is a pull factor and a marketing and merchandising tool that cannot be underestimated (Crotts and Kivela 2006, p.355). For this reason, one can argue that tourists often place considerable emphasis on how they feel at a destination, and how they experience what the destination offers, by carefully selecting that special restaurant and/or foo d that might fulfil a particular personal desire (Crotts and Kivela 2006). Although many studies identify and address factors that affect destination choice and image, very few empirical studies address the role that food plays in the way tourists experience the destination. Dining habits can also provide an insight into ways of life, helping tourists understand the differences between their own culture and those with which they come into contact with (Hegarty and OMahoney 2001). However, it must be acknowledged that the variety of foods on offer at a destination can have major implications for the economic, cultural and environmental sustainability of that tourism location, with researchers arguing that a focus on locally sourced products can result in benefits for both the hosts and the culinary tourists (Clark and Chabrel 2007; Sims 2009). Sims (2009, p.322) argues that local food and drink products can improve the economic and environmental sustainability of both tourism and the rural host community through encouraging sustainable agricultural practices, supporting local businesses and building a brand that can benefit the region by attracting more visitors and investment. Furthermore, Sims (2009) explains that local food can play an important role in the sustainable tourism experience because it appeals to the visitors desire for authenticity within the holiday experience. At present, there is a trend towards universal standardisation and homogenisation, which is demonstrated by the spread of fast food chains (Henderson 2009; Keel 2010). Concurrently, tourists are becoming more adventurous and are open to new food experiences (Daniele and Scarpato 2003; Henderson 2009). Many culinary tourists are also seeking genuine and authentic which can be found in local foods and eating-places (Henderson 2009). Therefore, one can conclude that tourist destinations could successfully differentiate from other locations through local authentic food. As explained above, authentic food consumption at a destination creates a pull factor for the consumer (Crotts and Kivela 2006, p.355). Furthermore, increasing tourist consumption of local foods can generate a multiplier effect that will benefit the local economy and provide a boost to rural destinations looking to develop a sustainable tourism industry (Sims 2009; Torres, 2002). In addition, concerns about the environmental consequences of transporting food across the globe have led researchers to argue that buying local food products is vital if the tourism industry is to reduce its carbon footprint (Mitchell and Hall 2003; Sims 2009). In Rebecca Sims (2009) article titled Food, place and authenticity, she studied ho w local food has the potential to enhance the visitor experience by connecting consumers to the region and its perceived culture and heritage. She focused on two UK regions for her report, the Lake District and Exmoor. Her results illustrated that over 60% of the tourists interviewed said that they had deliberately chosen to consume foods or drinks that they considered local while on holiday which suggests that, tourists are seeking products that they feel will give them an insight into the nature of a place and its people Sims (2009, p.329). However, this demand for local food could also be viewed as a search for authenticity. Over 50% of the tourists interviewed in this study said that they had bought, or were definitely planning to buy, food and drink as souvenirs of their holiday, with less than 10% saying that they were not interested in doing so (Sims 2009, p.328). The souvenir purchasers varied in their levels of enthusiasm, from reluctant buyers who felt compelled to buy sma ll gifts for family or colleagues, to one enthusiastic couple who, while visiting Exmoor, had spent  £60 on specialist tea and coffee by a renowned local tea merchant in addition to the usual stuff like fudge (Sims 2009, p.328). Tikkanen (2007) concurs with Sims (2009) and relates food tourism to Maslows hierarchy. Tikkanen (2007, p.725) identifies five approaches to food with respect to motivation for a visit. These five approaches are food as a tourist attraction, foodstuffs as a tourist product component, food experience in tourism, the role of food in culture and linkages between tourism and food production. This approach to the theory surrounding the culinary tourist demonstrates that food consumption is regarded as one of the most important factors in the marketing of a destination (Tikkanen 2007). Hence, food and tourism are increasingly combined. Food can draw a person towards or back to a holiday destination, plus more and more food products are now bought as souvenirs, which, if managed correctly could result in benefits for both the hosts and the culinary tourists. 3.4 Travel Activities and Motivation Survey While few demographic and psychographic data exist to draw a comprehensive picture of the typical culinary tourist, one major study conducted in Canada can provide some insight. In April 2001, the Canadian Tourism Commission (CTC) released the Travel Activities and Motivation Survey (TAMS), Wine and Cuisine Profile Report which is considered to be one of the most comprehensive profiles available of culinary tourists. This survey offers a comprehensive assessment of travel behaviour and motivators and provides a rich and authoritative database by which to develop future marketing strategies. According to this report, both young and mature singles along with young and mature couples were most likely to exhibit an interest in holiday activities associated with food and wine (TAMS 2001). Interest in such activities also increased as the level of education and household income increased (TAMS 2001). While this information represented Canadian travellers, the results for US travellers were extremely similar. The report did not break down travellers by specific age groups but rather categorises travellers as young or mature. The report found a high correlation between culinary tourists and exploration (TAMS 2001). This concurs with Wolfs (2006) definition above and suggests that culinary tourists are explorers. Those who exhibit an interest in vacation activities associated with wine and cuisine were considerably more likely to have sought out vacation experiences associated with exploration (e.g., visiting historical sites, natural wonders), personal indulgence (e.g., to experience the good life, visiting a casino, experiencing city life such as night life) and romance and relaxation (e.g., experience intimacy and romance, relax and recuperate) (TAMS 2001, p.19). A more recent TAMS, based again on the Canadian and US markets was published in 2007. The survey revealed that 37% (or 7.7 million) of Canadian travellers and 33% (or 58.6 million) of American travellers wer e wine and cuisine enthusiasts, exhibiting either a moderate or high interest in wine and cuisine-related activities while on trips during the years 2005-2007 (TAMS 2007a; TAMS 2007b). Similar to the 2001 survey mature (35-64 years old) couples and families (those with kids) were more likely to be interested in wine and cuisine-related activities. Young couples (less than 35 years old) and senior couples (over 64 years old), though to a lesser extent, were also actively engaged in activities associated with wine and cuisine (TAMS 2007a). Once again the 2007 report shows a strong association between tourists with an interest in wine and cuisine with increasing levels of education and household income (TAMS 2007a; TAMS 2007b). Also interesting to note is the fact that wine and cuisine enthusiasts were frequent travellers, taking an average of 4.1 trips between 2004 and 2005 versus 3.2 trips for other travellers (TAMS 2007a; TAMS 2007b). Relative to other travellers, wine and culinary tourists had a higher tendency to consult a large number of information sources when they were planning trips. Using the internet (86%), considering their own past experiences (63%) and taking advice from friends and relatives (55%) were the most popular information sources (TAMS 2007a). They were also more likely to read the travel section of daily and weekend newspapers and to surf travel-related websites than other travellers (TAMS 2007a; TAMS 2007b). It must be noted that this report evaluated the demographic behaviour of Canadian and American culinary tourists; therefore, an opportunity exists to investigate whether culinary tourists from other countries share similar demographic and psychographic traits. 3.5 The Culinary Tourist in Ireland As explained above, studies into the demographic and psychographic characteristics of food tourists are in the minority. While the TAMS provide an insight into American and Canadian tourists, a Mintel report which was published in 2009 provides some knowledge into both international and Irish tourists who holiday in Ireland. Among Irish tourists, quality is the most important factor for food. Availability of local produce is also significant, it is however recognised that these factors result is a premium price for food and so are most appealing among the older and more affluent consumers (Mintel 2009). Mintel (2009) reported that younger adults and those from lower socio-economic groups were more price sensitive while holidaying in Ireland, therefore, low cost fast-food appeals to this segment, making them less important for the food tourism market. This study stated that the most likely consumers to visit fine dining and local independent restaurants, and those most likely to show a keen interest in food while holidaying in Ireland are those aged 35 to 64, and those that fall under the upper middle class, middle class, lower middle class (ABC1) age bracket. These age groups are fortunately the fastest growing in Irish society and forecasted to make up the largest segment of the Irish population for the next decade. In terms of broader tourism trends, it is consumers from these age and socio-economic categories that are most likely to visit Ireland from abroad, and are the most likely to stay in Ireland from the Irish population. Irish culinary tourists have become of particular importance during the current economic climate as many Irish consumers are now considering holidaying at home rather than going abroad. Furthermore, this report stated that the internet is the most widely used source by tourists for both bookings and see king information prior to taking a holiday or short break within Ireland. This presents a strong portal for the promotion of the Irish food tourism industry through tourist authority websites such as Failte Ireland and Tourism Ireland. At present, these websites provide little or no information about food in Ireland. However, it should be noted that many older consumers have been slow to adopt to the internet, and given that these consumers form the key groups for food tourism, traditional channels should not be abandoned. Also mentioned in the report was Irelands à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬200 million festival sector, another key channel for the food tourism industry, which has a large portion dedicated to food and drink. Guides such as the Michelin guide, the Michelin Pub Guide, and the Bridgestone Guide are seen as exceptionally influential on consumers choices. Positive online reviews also have an influence as more consumers than ever use the internet. Mintel (2009) acknowledge a the trend that Irish and UK consumers have a growing affinity with food, with broadening tastes and a renewed appreciation for local ingredients and modern takes on traditional dishes, as seen with the growth of farmers markets and artisan food producers. Much of this revival and new interest in food has been driven by the media with channels like Channel 4, the BBC and RTÉ using primetime slots for cooking and food interest programmes. Ratings figures from the Broadcasters Audience Research Board for the first quarter of 2009 show that some of the more popular cooking programmes are among the top five highest viewed shows, particularly Masterchef on BBC and programmes featuring celebrity chefs like Heston Blumenthal and Gordon Ramsay on Channel 4. However, due to the current economic crisis, a growing number of people are eating and entertaining at home, and television has become a highly influential forum for promoting good quality food. Although this may have taken somewhat from the restaurant industry, this is in turn creating potential for cookery schools. With the growing interest in food, and the growing number of people entertaining at home there are positive signals for cooking schools, particularly within the domestic tourism arena. However, the cooking courses at these centres are relatively expensive compared to other holiday activities and in recessionary times, luxuries such as these may be less accessible if pricing strategies are not reviewed. Although this report portrayed a positive perspective for the Irish food tourism market, value for money remains a major factor hindering the development of culinary tourism in Ireland. As discussed in Chapter 2, there are issues regarding the perception that Irish food is expensive, service related issues, Irish food cost issues and the lack of innovation among food producers (Coughlan 2009). The report suggests that the government has dedicated a significant amount of funding toward promoting tourism; however, high taxes are affecting competitiveness. Failte Ireland found that although nearly 98% of tourists would recommend visiting Ireland, 19% of these had some reservations. Of this 19%, 26% stated that their main reservation was the high prices in Ireland (Failte Ireland 2010). In addition to this is the concern that not enough emphasis is being placed on promoting Ireland as a food tourism destination (Mintel 2009). These issues must be addressed if Ireland is to be perceived as a desired destination for the culinary tourist. 3.6 Summary The literature reveals that there are few insights into the demographic and psychographic characteristics of food tourists. Yet, eating is one of our most basic physiological needs even when outside our usual environment. Hence, everyone needs to eat. Therefore, it is difficult to define and describe the culinary tourist. Moreover, some tourists may be culinary enthusiasts rather than culinary tourists, and although interested in food, culinary activities are not the main purpose of travel for these categories of tourists. However, for some tourists, food becomes highly experiential and consumers are increasingly aware of the benefits (economic, environmental and health related) of local produce, and there is an increased desire to sample local dishes, foodstuffs and drink. Although, there is little known about either the food buying-behaviour of tourists or of the role it plays in the overall travel decision, destinations are increasingly using food as a means to differentiate themselves and broaden their market base. From this discussion of the literature, it can be seen that local food has the potential to play a central role within the tourism experience. There is a renewed interest in local food and drinks festivals, as well as an increased interest in local markets as tourists seek out authentic food experiences. These local food and drink products can improve the economic and environmental sustainability of both tourism and the rural host community. This chapter also discussed TAMS which is considered to be one of the most comprehensive profiles available of culinary tourists. This survey offers a comprehensive assessment of travel behaviour and motivators and provides a rich and authoritative database by which to develop future marketing strateg ies. Furthermore, an insight into the both the international and Irish tourists who holiday in Ireland was provided using a a Mintel report which was published in 2009. As suggested in the above section, food tourism is a possible competitive advantage and it can be a core element in the branding of a country or destination by marketers. Domestic and international visitors are becoming more adventurous and open to new experiences overall and with specific reference to food. Many are also looking for the genuine and authentic, which, it is believed, can be found in local foods and eating-places (Reynolds, 1993).

Asian Social Science

It has been noted that many drug addicts relapse to drug use after discharged from successful treatment and rehabilitation programs. Thus it is imperative and timely to address the issues that prompt relapsed addiction. 400 drug addicts on relapse cases were selected from eight drug rehabilitation centres throughout Peninsular Malaysia to examine factors influences the relapsed addiction to drug use. Consistent with previous research, self-efficacy, family support, community support and employers support were identified as main factors that influenced the relapsed addictions tendency amongst addicts.Suggestions to curb relapsed addiction to drugs were discussed in relation to the findings. Keywords: Relapse, Addiction, Drug, Malaysia 1. Introduction The close geographical propinquity to Myanmar, Laos and Thailand (Golden Triangle) and other Southeast Asian countries that produces illicit drugs has intensify drug use in Malaysia. The illicit drug use been well thought-out as major soc ial intimidation in Malaysia.The government, on February 19, 1983, declared drug as national disaster and endeavor with stringent law enforcement together with rehabilitation programs for addicts. Indeed the government through various agencies has put in action strategies to impede drug use, parallel to the mission of attaining a drug-free society by 2015. Nevertheless, even with the country’s stringent enforcement policy, there has been a sizeable ascends in the number of fresh and relapsed drug users (National Anti-Drug Agency (NADA), 2009).NADA entrusted by the Malaysian government to sculpt mechanisms to handle the drug crisis and in particular to trim down relapsed addiction rate. Based on the statistics by NADA (2009), the number of detained drug addicts from January to December 2007 and 2008 were 14,489 and 12,352 respectively. Perhaps, the addiction trend that was recorded by NADA is some sort of a relief to all concern. In 2007, the detained fresh and relapsed addict s were 6,679 and 7,810 respectively.Among the detained drug addicts in 2008, 5,939 (48%) were fresh addicts while 6,413 (52%) were relapsed addicts. Interestingly, in 2008 the statistics revealed a decline of percentages in total number of detained addicts (15%), new addicts (11%) and relapsed addicts (18%) compared to the reported statistics in 2007. Nevertheless, careful observation on the statistics revealed an increase in the number of detained relapsed addicts compared to new drug addicts between 2008 and 2007.Generally, it is well understood that the number of drug addicts should reduce dramatically upon successful completion of treatments or rehabilitation program. However, the reported data explicates that most of the drug addicts failed to sustain the free of drug lifestyle after they have been discharged from rehabilitation treatment program. Mohamad Hussain and Mustafa (2001) reported that there are evidence of 90% relapsed cases among heroin addicts within six months aft er been discharged from the Serenti rehabilitation centres.It also had been found that 40% of the addicts pine for heroin after a month of abstinence. Surprisingly, Serenti rehabilitation centers have relapsed inmates who have followed the rehabilitation sessions for more than five times. Moreover, Habil, (2001) contended that more than 70 percent of those attending drug rehabilitation centres would probably relapse. Reid, Kamarulzaman, and Sran (2007) alleged that though some of the programs had been successful, about 70 to 90 per cent of addicts who underwent rehabilitation probably 37 Vol. 5, No. 12Asian Social Science return to the habit within first year after been discharged if they are compelled and detained at the rehabilitation centres. In any event, the rate of relapse among addicts is of great concern to both governmental and non-governmental bodies. Thus, this research was initiated to examine the factors contributing to relapsed addiction tendency amongst drug addicts i n Malaysia. Indeed this study is significant and timely to fight against drug addictions to the root while achieving the nation’s ambition to reach the zero drugs by 2015. . Factors Contributing to Relapse among Drug Addicts Relapse is a formidable challenge in the treatment of all behavior disorders (Witkiewitz & Marlatt, 2004). Several authors have described relapse as complex, dynamic and unpredictable (Buhringer, 2000; Donovan, 1996; Marlatt, 1996). Whereas according to Mahmood (1996), relapsed addiction means, usage, intake or misuse of psychoactive substances after one had received drug addiction treatment and rehabilitation, physically and psychologically.To Rasmussen (2000), relapse occurred because of the building up of additional crisis such as to look trivially on certain problem, stress, weak or failed forecast, the pessimistic thinking that all issue cannot be resolved and immature actions. Relapsed addicts also confused and overreact due to the inability to thin k clearly, unable to manage feelings and emotions, the difficulty to remember things, unable to control their feelings and easily angered. Various studies have examined the effects of psychosocial factors towards relapse among drug and alcohol dependence.Moos (2007) contended that psychological factors are supposition to contribute to relapse among drug addicts after abstinence. Consistently, anxiety has been linked to increased relapse risk among marijuana addicts (Arendt et al. , 2007; White et al. , 2004). Other relapse promoting factor is self-efficacy, defined as a degree to which an individual feels confident and capable performing a certain behavior in a specific situational context (Bandura, 1977).As described in the cognitive-behavioral model of relapse (Marlatt, Bear & Quigley, 1995), high levels of self-efficacy are predictive of improved alcoholism treatment outcomes (Brown et al. , 1995; Greenfield et. al. , 2000; Rychtarik, Prue, Rapp & King, 1992). The situation is di fferent from the results of research done on 60 alcoholics, which found that individuals who have high self-efficacy after going through rehabilitation treatment, are most unlikely to be addicted again (Allsop, Saunders & Phillips, 2000).Chuah (1990), in his research found that drug addicts who have low self-efficacy would be back to addiction after their release from getting treatment and rehabilitation. Other previous studies have also point out that improvement in self-esteem positively lead to success in rehabilitation programs and it assist in curbing drug addictions (Graham et al. , 1997; Mahmood, 1995; Mahmood et al. ,1998; Mahmood et al. , 1999). Attitude and poor knowledge on drug abuse been reported to be contributing factor of relapsed addictions among drug addicts (Abdullah & Iran, 1997).Besides, less support from family members and the community by large towards former addicts highly promote the relapsed addiction tendency after treatment (Brown et al. , 1995; Miller et al. ,1999; Miller, 1992; Moos & King, 1997). Research by Mohd Taib, Rusli and Mohd Khairi (2000) on family communication patterns amongst addicts’ family and non addicts’ family, showed weak communication patterns and less effective interactions amongst former addicts’ family is one of the high probable factors toward drug addiction.Indeed, family support is much needed to ensure the rehabilitation process success and issues like â€Å"don’t care attitude† and ostracizing former addicts would only failed the rehabilitation process and in the long run caused the former addicts to relapse (Daley & Marlatt, 1992). Amongst other factors that have been associated with relapsed addiction are peer pressures especially from the old friends who still use drugs. Mahmood, et al. (1999) found 50% of old friends influenced former addicts to pick up the drug taking habit after they were discharged from rehabilitation centres.The research also showed that 76% of the old friends assist rehabilitated individuals to get the needed supply of drugs. These situations further induced the relapsed addiction amongst former addicts who has been getting rehabilitation treatments. However, the above research is different from findings by Chuah (1990). He found peers support could help former addicts from not getting back to the old habit. He concluded that high emotional and spiritual support will indirectly increase the addicts’ self confidence and decrease the risk towards relapsed addiction.Gregoire and Snively (2001) reported that addicts who have discharged from rehabilitation centres and living in drug-free social environments could be linked with higher abstinence rates and low in relapse of drug use. Mc Coy and Lai (1997), on the other hand, associates inability to get jobs amongst former addicts who were discharged from rehabilitation centres coupled with lack of financial supports, caused the addicts to go back to addictions. Yunos (1 995) asserted that employers always took advantage on the former addicts by paying low salaries without aking into consideration their qualifications and experience, causing dissatisfactions amongst the former addicts that eventually caused them to quit their jobs. Yahya & Mahmood, (2002), found that the treatment and rehabilitation programs being conducted in any country would faced various challenges. The effectiveness of drug rehabilitation programs also one of the factors, associated with relapsed addictions amongst addicts. This is because some researchers found drug rehabilitation programs conducted on addicts are less effective to jolt them to awake (Mokhtar, 1997, Wellish & Prondergast, 1995).Many research found that the traditional treatment and rehabilitation models failed to help in reducing relapse addiction to drug use (Habil, 2001; 38 Asian Social Science December, 2009 Mahmud Mazlan, Schottenfeld & Chawarski, 2006; Mohamad & Mustafa, 2001; Mahmood, Md Shuaib Che Din a nd Ismail Ishak, 1998; McLellan, 2002; Nestler, 2002; O'Brien, 2006 ; Reid, 2007). Though, sufficient rehabilitation programs are in place, prevention of relapse to drug will pass its best if physiology and psychology strength of addicts faint in due time.In addition, lack of multiple long term treatment modalities, social intervention and additional pharmacological treatment could abet relapse. Hence, relapse to drug use after extended periods of abstinence remains as most intricate clinical problem and research issue in the treatment of drug addiction (Miller et al. , 1999; O'Brien, 2006; Sinha & Li, 2007). Individuals involved in recovery and the treatment of recovering individuals recognize that sustaining a clean and sober life is perhaps significantly more difficult than eliminating the use of the drug.There is a high degree of consensus in the field that relapse is a common element in the recovery process. Nevertheless, examination of factors which contributes to relapse is i ndispensable to develop successful interventions in curbing future relapse to drug-taking behavior (Donovan, 1996; O'Brien, 2006, Sinha & Li, 2007). The present study intended to identify the extent that self-efficacy; support from peers, family, employers, community; and programme effectiveness at drug rehabilitation centres influences the relapsed addiction amongst drug addicts.The findings of this research is advantageous to the government, namely the Home Ministry, NADA, social workers, drug counselors, psychologist and other human services in particular, Malaysia and other regions in general. 3. Method The primary data was obtained through a survey using self-administered questionnaire. Items from established instruments were adopted and modified appropriately to suit the objectives of the study. The instrument consists of five parts. The first part of the questionnaire collected the demographic information of the respondents.Second part consist 42 items developed by Marlatt an d Gordon, (1985) to measure the tendencies of relapsed addiction among the addicts. The items specifically measures three dimensions; negative emotion, interpersonal conflict and social pressure. Part 3, 4 and 5 obtained information pertaining to self-efficacy, sosial-environment factors (support form peer, family, employer, and community) and rehabilitation programme effectiveness respectively. Self-efficacy was measured using 15 items developed by Sherer and Maddux (1982) while 5 items from Abdullah and Iran (1991) was employed to measure attitude towards drug abuse. 0 items developed by Procidano and Heller (1983) used to measure peer and family support.12 items created by the researchers to measure employer and community support. The program effectiveness at drug rehabilitation centres was measured using 26 items developed by Bahaman, et al. (2003). The respondents were asked to respond on a scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (4). From the analysis, it wa s identified that the Cronbach alpha of all constructs exceeds Nunnally’s (1978) recommended threshold value of 0. 7. Thus, the instrument used in this study showed a good level in terms of reliability.The respondents were chosen by systematic sampling procedure. 400 questionnaires were personally distributed to the relapsed addicts who are undergoing treatments and rehabilitations in eight Narcotics Rehabilitation Centres in Peninsular Malaysia. Counselors from the respective centres help to disseminate and collect the survey. High response rate (100%) for this study is due to high degree of cooperation by the respondents and the centres’ counselors. In addition, the drop and pick method utilized in this survey was very effective.The data were analyzed using SPSS Version 15. 4. Findings and Discussion 4. Respondents’ background Majority of the respondents (86%) involved in this research were aged 30 years and above. 80% of them were Malays and Muslims and in te rms of marital status, 65% were single. From the data on educational level, 91% of the respondents were holding Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (Malaysian Certificate of Education, equivalent to O’levels). About 47% of them used to work as temporary workers. 4. 2 Factors promoted relapsed addiction amongst drug addicts in Malaysia. Respondents perceptions on all factors contributing to relapsed addiction were categorized as low, moderate and high based on the possible score range.Table 1 shows the summary of the findings. About 97 percent of the respondents indicated moderate to high level of agreement on attitude towards drug abuse. 68 percent of the respondents agreed to moderate level of self-efficacy. In short, the findings showed that respondents received moderate to high level of support from peers (99 percent) and family (96 percent) in their endeavor towards free from drug use. On the other hand respondents reported that they received low to moderate level of support from em ployers (98 percent) and community (94 percent) on the whole.About 99 percent of the respondents indicated moderate to high level of satisfactory with the rehabilitation programme at the respective centres. Table 2 displays the Pearson’s correlation coefficients between the research variables which indicate the strength of relationship between the seven factors with respect to perceived tendency of relapsed addiction to drug use. Out of seven factors identified to promoting relapsed addiction, only four factors showed significant correlation at the 0. 05 level. The factor with the highest correlation to tendency of relapsed addiction to drug use is self-efficacy (r= . 790, p